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Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
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General Format for Articles
Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication). Article title: Capital after colon. Periodical Title, Volume(Issue), Page Range. DOI
Print Article Example
Ellery, K. (2008). Undergraduate plagiarism: A pedagogical perspective. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 33(5), 507-516.
Online Article Example
Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.225
General Format for Books
Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication). Book title: Capital for subtitle. (# ed.). Publisher Name.
One Author Example
Shields, C. J. (2006). Mockingbird: A portrait of Harper Lee. Henry Holt.
Multiple Authors Example
Anson, C. M., Schwegler, R. A., & Muth, M. F. (2000). The Longman writer's companion. (4th ed.). Longman.
Chapter in an Edited Book Example
Smith, P. M. (2006). The diverse librarian. In E. Connor (Ed.). An introduction to reference services in academic libraries. (pp. 137-140). Haworth Press.
General Format for Webpages
Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
Webpage Example - With Author
Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01
Webpage Example - With Group or Organizational Author
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims
Webpage Example - Without an Author
Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/
Webpage Example - Without a Date
National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions
A reference list should appear at the end of a paper, on a new page. The word 'References' (if multiple sources) should be bold font and centered on the page at the top.
Each cited work in a paper should be included in the list, and every listed reference should be found in the body of the paper.
The reference list should be alphabetized by the leading author's last name.
All entries on the reference list should be double-spaced.
The first line of each listed reference should be flush with the left margin, and all succeeding lines should be indented one-half inch from the left margin (i.e., hanging indentation).
When directly quoting or paraphrasing from a published work in text (i.e., research papers, assignments, reports), follow the author-date format that includes the author's last name and the publication year, for example (Steinbeck, 1937). Direct quotations also should include the page number referenced. 'p.' should be used for listing single pages and 'pp.' for multiple pages, for example, (Steinbeck, 1937, p. 12) and (Steinbeck, 1937, pp. 12-13).
All sources cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Direct Quote Examples
author last name (publication year) with page number at sentence end or (author last name, publication year, page number)
Tilley (2001) describes the process of apprenticeship as "watching and learning, then coaching followed by hands-on practice" (p. 205).
She stated, "watching and learning, then coaching followed by hands-on practice" (Tilley, 2001, p. 205), is the best process for effective apprenticeship.
Paraphrased Example
author last name (publication year) or (author last name, publication year) at sentence end
Muddiman (1995) points out that with new emerging technologies there is a shift from knowledge to skills within librarianship.
APA's Position: The results of a “chat” with a generative AI, like ChatGPT, are not retrievable by other readers. Although other types nonretrievable data or quotations are usually cited as personal communications in APA Style papers, with generative AI produced text there is no person communicating. Quoting an AI's text from a chat session is therefore more similar to sharing an algorithm’s output. APA, therefore recommends that citations should credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.
Example from a paper showing how to use in-text citation and then the full verson of the citation used on the References page:
When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).
Reference:
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
Breaking the reference down and looking at each of the four elements (author, date, title, and source) in more detail can assist in applying this form in your own writing.:
Author: The author of ChatGPT is OpenAI. If you are using text from a different AI tool, you will need to identify the author or creator of that tool. See the table below to determine the Author of the most common AI Tools.
Date: The date is the year of the version of the tool used. You only need to include the year, not the exact date.
Title: The name of this AI tool is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, Again, if you are using a different tool then that tool's name should for the title. The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling its versions. Different AI tools might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.
Bracketed text is used for additional description when needed to help a reader understand what is being cited. Books and journal articles do not need bracketed descriptions but more unusual formats often do. In the case of a reference for a generative AI tool, such as ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets.
Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. Use the URL that links as directly as possible to the page where you can access the model
|
Information Coming From: |
Author Cited As: |
|
ChatGPT |
OpenAI |
|
Claude |
Anthropic |
|
Gemini (formerly Google Bard) |
Google AI |
|
Lumina Chat |
Anthropic |
|
Microsoft Copilot |
OpenAI’s LLM (Microsoft Copilot) |
|
Perplexity |
Perplexity AI |
Because generative AI's, like Chat GPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt, APA also suggests that the full text of long responses from such sea session should be placed in an appendix of your paper if readers would greatly benefit from having access to the exact text generated. It is then particularly important to document the exact text created and the presence of such an appendix should be called out at least once in the body of your paper.
Example:
When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).
Reference:
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
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